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Biocompatible
Electric Current Attenuates HIV Infectivity |
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This is an extremely important report for anyone who is concerned
about treating AIDS or HIV infection. Photos of the five pages of
this 1996 report which appeared in Surgical Overview, Surgical
Technology International V, were sent to me by a very sharp
scientist and humanitarian named Webster Kehr <jammstone@gmail.com>
on November 18, 2006. Webster deserves real credit for finding this
published report as much effort has been expended to suppress this
Kaali and Lyman 1990 discovery at the Albert Einstein College of
Medicine in New York City. For example, Dr. Bob Beck found that the
text of the March 1991 Washington DC AIDS conference where Kalii and
Lyman first presented their findings publicly, were razor cut out of
library copies of the published journal. Bob was able to find only
three brief news items immediately following the March AIDS
conference in The Houston Post (Mar 20, 1991), Science News (Mar.
30, 1991 ) and Longevity magazine: and then nothing.
The Discovery of the Century to address the greatest
bio-engineered 'disease' in modern history, AIDS, was on the
receiving end of one of biggest media blackouts ever to be
perpetrated on the American public. How many people, to this day,
still believe that AIDS is 'incurable'? About 99.999% of the public
I would guess.
To make the report readable, I had to enlarge Webster's photos
using Photoshop so I could read it and then typed out the text of
the report. I've inserted the graphs from the photos of the report
into the typed version seen below. This report is a more refined
presentation than that provided by Dr. Steven Kaali in his 1992 U.S.
patent application (#5,139,684 Kaali & Schwolsky 8-18-92) which I
posted to www.educate-yourself.org in January of 2000
(http://educate-yourself.org/be/bekaaliexperiment.shtml).
This discovery by Kaali and Lyman in the Fall of 1990 was the
centerpiece of Dr. Bob Beck's lectures on blood electrification.
Kaali and Lyman re-discovered something that Dr. Robert O. Becker
had also came upon in the 1970's and 80's in that direct current
applied at very low voltage, delivered in the 50-100 microampere
range effected amazing cellular response and achieved the
de-activation of pathogenic organisms.
Kaali and Lyman patented an invasive procedure to insert the DC
micro currents. They opened up an artery and sewed in a tiny battery
driven circuit with two tiny electrodes within the artery itself.
After the battery ran out, they would remove it and insert a fresh
unit in another artery location. After 5 or 6 months, the patient
showed greatly lowered HIV viral loads and steadily recovered. Bob
Beck, on the other hand, invented a non-invasive method of inducing
the micro currents electro-magnetically by applying external
electrodes to the wrists and used a bi-phasic square wave of 3.92Hz
to achieve the same thing as Kaali and Lyman with their internal
arrangement. Bob called it "blood electrification" and his unit is
called a "blood electrifier" (you can make your own from
instructions passed out freely by Bob Beck or get a factory made
unit. Contact me for more information).
An important consideration when applying DC (direct current)
voltage to the body involves the physics of electrolysis. Dr. Robert
O. Becker found that DC voltages higher than 1.1 volt caused
sufficient electrolysis action that the body became overwhelmed and
produced electrolysis 'waste' products in the region where the DC
voltage was applied. Bob Beck got around the electrolysis problem by
using an AC (alternating current) voltage in the form of a bi-phasic
(two phase, positive and negative) square wave. However, Dr. Hulda
Clark is adamantly opposed to using any application of negative
voltage, whether as pure negative DC voltage or the negative half of
an AC waveform (including the negative half cycle of a bi-phasic
square wave). Hulda found that the slightest amount of negative
voltage will encourage the growth of pathogenic organisms; something
we're trying to avoid.
For those who wish to experiment, you could insert a solid state
diode rectifier in series on the "hot" side of the electrode wiring
(the other electrode is at "ground" or zero potential) of the Beck
electrifier and have the anode of the diode connect to the electrode
itself. The diode rectifier will cut off the negative excursion of
the Beck bi-phasic electrifier and leave you with only positive
pulsing DC square waves. The square wave pulses are only "on" for
50% of each cycle and "off" for the remaining 50%. The 50% "off
time" may prevent the electrolysis problem, but that's just a
theoretical conjecture on my part. I haven't done any experiments to
confirm this one way or the other. Another possible approach is to
reduce the pulsing square wave down to a very narrow duty cycle
pulse of say 20% . A third possibility is to switch over to a very
sharp rise pulse. A possible downside in using a narrow pulse is
that it might not deliver the requisite 50-100 microampere current
desired, however, it might do it -if only momentarily. There's much
food for thought here and an open invitation to anyone who can still
think outside the Establishment box, to get busy and see what
marvelous results you can obtain by following in the footsteps of
both Dr. Robert C. Beck and Dr. Robert O. Becker.
A few notes on nomenclature used in this report:
1. "sup.2" refers to 'supra' (above) or raised to the power of 2
(or squared); so 10cm sup.2 = 10centimeters squared. Another
example, "10 sup.5" equals 10 raised to the 5th power (100,000). 2.
"sub.2" refers to the number 2 appearing below the letter in front
of it as seen with H2O 3. "In vitro" means that the test was made in
a test tube or petri dish outside of the body. 4. "In vivo" refers
to conditions inside the body. 5. "uL" = micro liters 6. "uA" =
micro amperes. 7. "p" = "parts" and "<" = "greater than"
In a few places, I couldn't determine the correct number due to
glare in the photo or a bad viewing angle so I had to place a
question mark in parentheses (?). If you want to see the reference
noted, click on the small number linked in parentheses and you'll go
directly to the reference note.
Sincerely, .Ken Adachi
© Copyright 2006 Educate-Yourself.org All Rights Reserved.
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By William D. Lyman, Ph.D and Steven G. Kaali, M.D, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine http://educate-yourself.org/cn/LymanKaalibiocompatibleHIV1996report18nov06.shtml
Posted November 18, 2006
Subject: Kaali and Lyman Paper From: Webster Kehr <jammstone@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, November 18, 2006 7:39 am To: Editor of
www.educate-yourself.org
Gentlemen:
In 1990, the greatest discovery in the history of medicine took
place, the discovery of the cure for AIDS/HIV and very other microbe
caused disease on earth. They should have won the Nobel Prize, but
their discovery was crushed. However, the two medical doctors
involved, Kaali and Lyman, found ways to make their discovery
public. They filed several patents, as did several others. While
their original paper is lost to the world, in 1996 they quietly got
it republished in a very obscure journal. Their discovery was the
basis for the Bob Beck Protocol. I have obtained a copy of the
article and am sending it to you in 5 different emails, one email
for each page. Please keep these 5 files in a permanent location and
let me know you got all 5 of them.
Regards, Webster
**** Biocompatible Electric Current Attenuates HIV Infectivity
William D. Lyman, Ph.D., Professor Depart of Pathology Albert
Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
Irwin R. Merkatz, M.D., Professor and Chairman Steven G. Kaali,
M.D., F.A.C.O.G., Clinical Asociate Professor Department of
Ovstetrics and Gynecology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx,
New York
Introduction
The number of individuals infected by the human immunodeficiency
virus type-1 (HIV) continues to increase on a world wide basis. (1)
A significant percentage, if not all, of these individuals will
eventually develop the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes
(AIDS).(2) While horizontal transmission in the homosexual
population may be contained or decreasing,(3) heterosexual
transmission and infection through contaminated blood supplies
continues to increase. (4) Additionally, vertical transmission from
infected females to their fetuses is also on the rise with a
resultant increase in the number of children with AIDS.(5) New
strategies, therefore, must be devised in order to limit more
effectively the spread of this virus.
In this regard, three principal approaches are currently being
investigated. In order to decrease susceptibility to the
consequences of infection, vaccines are being sought which will
induce the production of protective antibodies. (6) As treatment
modalities, the use of soluble antagonists t block the receptor for
HIV is being studied (7) as are pharmacologic agents such as nucleic
acid analogues which can interfere with the transcription of viral
genomic sequences. (8) Each of these systems has virtues and
limitations, and to date none has proven completely effective.
Because heat or light in combination with drugs and dyes can
inactivate viruses including HIV in vitro, (9) others have suggested
the use of these forms of energy to treat AIDs patients. The results
of studies using heat have not been peer reviewed and are therefore
impossible to evaluate. The use of light with drugs ("photopheresis")
(10) appears to be efficacious, although this treatment may be
limited by drug toxicity and the potential long-term effects of
ultraviolet radiation on blood cell nucleic acids. Also, by its
nature, this last system may not be suitable for the treatment of
tissue associated virus. As a result of our interest in the use of
electric current to alter biological systems, we focused our
investigations on the ability of direct electrical current at
biocompatible levels to alter the infectivity of HIV for susceptible
CD4 positive cells in vitro.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Electrical Treatment of HIV
The RF strain of HIV (AIDS Reagent Program) was cryopreserved
prior to treatment at -70 degrees C. For treatment, a sample of
virus was thawed and maintained on ice at 4 degrees C. Ten
microliters (uL) of HIV at a concentration of 10 sup.5 infectious
particles per mL were placed into a chamber which included a pair of
platinum electrodes 1mm apart permanently mounted into a well 1.56
mm in length and 8.32 mm in depth equal to 12.9uL volume capacity.
The chamber was connected to a power supply capable of creating
constant direct current. The viral aliquots were exposed to direct
currents ranging form 0 micro amperes (uA) for up to 12 minutes to
100UA for up to 6 minutes. Intermediate currents of 25, 50, and 75
uA were used to expose similar viral aliquots. Under these
conditions, for example, 0, 50, and 100 uA represent 0, 3.85, and
7.7 uA/mm sup.2 current densities respectively. The current was
monitored throughout the experiment.
A matrix of current and time employed is shown in Table 1.
After the exposure of virus to electric current, the contents of
the chamber were removed and placed into sterile micro tubes. Five
uL of each sample were removed and diluted with 95 uL tissue culture
medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) for subsequent
assays.
Syncytium-Formation Assay
This assay was performed as previously described by Nara et al.
(11) Briefly, 10 sup.5 CEM-SS cells were dispensed into
poly-L-lysine coated microtiter wells. Thereafter, tenfold dilutions
of H9 cells incubated with the treated HIV samples were co-cultured
in triplicate for up to 4 days with the CEM-SS cells. Identical
wells were prepared with control uninfected and infected cells. The
wells were examined for syncytium formation at 2 and 3 days and
quantified using an inverted microscope.
Reverse Transcriptase Assay
Uninfected H9 cells were pelleted at 1,000 rpm for 5 minutes at
room temperature, the supernatant was decanted, and the cells were
re-suspended in 100 uL treated viral sample. The cells were
incubated for up to 6 hours with the viral samples. At the end of
the incubation time,. the viral/cell suspensions were centrifuged at
1,000 rpm for 5 minutes and the supernatant decanted. The cell
pellet was then re-suspended in 5mL of RPMI, 10% FCS and placed into
a T25 tissue culture flask and maintained at 37 degrees C, 5%
COsub.2 in a humidified chamber. At 2 day intervals (beginning at
day 2), 1 mL of the cell suspensions was removed from each sample
and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 5 minutes in order to pellet the
cells. The supernatant was subsequently centrifuged at 14,000 rpm
for 15 minutes. the pellet was resuspended in suspension buffer and
assayed using standard methodology employing Mg++ as the divalent
cation, poly (rA) oligo d(T) 12-18 as template primer, and tritiated
thymidine (sup.3H-TdR) which comprise the reaction mixture. Known
HIV positive and negative control samples were included in each
assay for reference. Thirty uL of the reaction mixture were added to
each 10 uL viral sample and incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min.
Samples were then incubated with 1uL of cold quench solution on ice
for 15 minutes and filtered through a Millipore manifold. Chimneys
were rinsed first with wash solution and followed by cold 95%
ethanol. The filters were dried by vacuum and counted in
scintillation fluid. Reverse transcriptase activity is expressed as
counts per minute (cpm) and is considered positive only if cpm are
at least five times greater than cpm obtained with HIV-negative
control samples.
Biocompatibility of Electric Currents/Time
To determine if the electric currents used were in a
biocompatible range of energy, uninfected H9 cells were exposed to
distinct currents for different amounts of time. The H9 cells were
washed two times in Hanks Balance Salt Solution (HBSS). Thereafter,
the cells were re-suspended in RPMI, 10% FCS at a concentration of
10sup.(?) cells per mL. Ten uL of the cell samples were placed into
the reaction chamber. The cell samples were then exposed to 0, 50,
or 100 uA for 0, 3, or 6 minutes. At the end of each test, the cell
sample was removed from the chamber and approximately 10 uL of the
sample was mixed with 90 uL of tyrpan blue. The number of viable
cells was determined by trypan blue exclusion using a hemocytometer
and light microscope. Results are expressed as percentage of viable
cells from the total of all cells. At least 200 cells per field were
counted.
Statistical Analysis
Results of the syncytium-formation and reverse transcriptase
assays were tested for statistical significance by the Student's t
test and analyses of variance.
RESULTS
Syncytium-Formation Assay
Using this index of HIV infectivity, it was determined that
exposing virus to direct electric current suppressed its capacity to
induce the formation of syncytia. Figure 1 shows a representative
experiment and Table 2 shows the group data for three separate
experiments. As can be noted in Figure 1, a statistically
significant (p<0.001) reduction in syncytium number was observed,
and this reduction was dependent upon the current applied to the
viral isolate. At three different viral dilutions, there were
analogous results in that a total charge of 200 uA x min (25uA for 8
minutes) reduced the number of syncytia from 50% to 65% while a
charge of 300 uA x min (50uA for 6 minutes, 75 uA for 4 minutes, or
100uA for 3 minutes) resulted in 90% reduction.
Reverse Transcriptase Assays
The direct electric currents to which HIV was exposed also
reduced reverse transcriptase activity. Five separate experiments
were conducted; a representative experiment is shown in Figure 2 and
the group data are included in Table 3. As can be seen in Figure 2,
there was a significant decrease in the amount of reverse
transcriptase activity after exposure of the virus to either 50 uA
for 3 or 6 minutes . An equivalent reduction in reverse
transcriptase activity was also noted with exposure to 100 uA for 3
minutes. and near ablation of reverse transcriptase activity was
seen with exposure of the viral isolate to 100uA for 6 minutes
resulted in a 94% reduction. An analysis of variance indicates that
the decrease in reverse transcriptase activity was statistically
significant (p<0.001).
Biocompatibility of Electric Currents/Time
The ------(?) of a viability analysis using trypan blue exclusion
criteria applied to uninfected cells exposed to the different
currents and times used for these studies are shown in Table 4. The
viability of H9 cells, after exposure to 100uA for either 3 or 6
minutes, did not show a significant decrease when compared to the 0
current control. After maximum treatment at 100 uA for 6 minutes,
cell viability was 93% . Interestingly, in other preliminary
experiments in which HIV-infected H9 cells were used, the results
show that at 100 uA there may have been a significant decrease in
the number of viable cells. That is, while an instantaneous pulse of
100 uA did not affect the viability of infected cells, a decrease in
viability was noted at 3 and 6 minutes of exposure to 100 uA. This
decrease was time-dependent in that exposure to 100 uA for 3 minutes
resulted in a viability of 83% while 100 uA for 6 minutes resulted
in a viability of 80%. Although theses data are provocative, they
only represent a preliminary experiment and require further
investigation.
With respect to the possibility that the electric current was
transduced into heat, the calculated rise in temperature within the
chamber was determined to be less than 1 degree C. In order to
verify this, a temperature microprobe was introduced into the
chamber containing tissue culture medium alone.
Results of these studies are shown in Table 5. Similar results
were obtained when H9 cell-containing medium was placed in the
reaction chamber. The data indicate that for the currents and times
used for these experiments, there was no alternation in the
temperature of the chamber.
DISCUSSION
The results reported here demonstrate that HIV treated with
direct electric currents from 50 to 100 uA has a significantly
reduced infectivity for susceptible cells in vitro. This reduction
of infectivity correlates with the total electric charge passing
through the chamber. Although extrapolation of these data predicts
that ablation of HIV infectivity may be possible, and additional
preliminary data support this prediction, the expectation that some
virions may still escape the electrical effect cannot be discounted.
Nevertheless, the therapeutic potential of electric current may
reside in its ability to lower the viral titer to sub clinical
significance or in its incorporation into a strategy analogous to
that of other therapies in which repeated cycles of treatment
eventually achieve remission or cure.
The data presented in this report are based on both quantitative
and quantal determinations of viral infectivity. Although the
syncytium-formation assay can be used to quantify the number of
infectious viral particles, this use with respect to HIV may be
abridged because of the ability of free fusigenic peptide (gp41) to
induce syncytia by itself. Therefore, while syncytia were observed
at some dilutions of electrically treated virus, this may simply
represent the presence of soluble gp41 in the tissue culture medium.
We believe that the correlation between total charge and reduction
in syncytium number more adequately reflects the ability of direct
electric current to reduce HIV infectivity.
This belief is also supported by the results of the reverse
transcriptase assays. Although a decrease in HIV reverse
transcriptase does not assure reduced infectiousness of this virus
for susceptible cells, we feel that, taken together with the
syncytium-formation data, the results indicate that significant
attenuation of HIV infectivity is achieved by treatment with direct
electric currents.
With respect to the biocompatibility of the electric currents and
total charges reported here, two separate sets of evidence are
applicable. The first has to do with the results showing that, by
trypan blue exclusion, no significant cytotoxicity was induced in H9
cells by any total charge tested. The other evidence is obtained
from reports which clearly indicate that the amount of electricity
used for these experimetns is significantly below presently used
therapeutic electric currents which are in the milliamp ere range.
(12-16)
Rather than negative effects, exposure of cells to electric
current may actually have positive consequences for resistance to
infection in that important cellular electrochemical changes
correlate with enhancement of specific enzymatic activities. In
particular, a facilitation of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and
ATPase activity has been observed. (12, 15) Both of these enzymes
are associated with the oxidative capacity of the cell.
Specifically, it has been suggested that an electrochemical reaction
occurs between mitochondrial membrane-bound H+ ATPase and ADP
leading to the formation of ATP. Therefore, exposure of cells to
direct electric current may directly or indirectly increase energy
resources within a cell and facilitate cell metabolism. This, in
turn, may actually render a cell less susceptible to the effects of
viral infection.
In summary, the data presented here indicate that biocompatible
direct electric current significantly reduces the infectivity of
HIV. Continuing investigations are exploring the mechanisms through
which this effect is mediated. The initial focus of these
experiments is centered on the potential role which ionic and
molecular species generated by electrolysis may have on the virus.
However, the complete mechanism by which direct electric current
attenuates HIV infectivity is undoubtedly far more complex than
simple electrolysis. Nonetheless, and independent of a complete
understanding of all of the mechanisms involved in the attenuation
of HIV infectivity, the present observations may serve as an initial
step for the development of new strategies to treat infection or
prevent transmission of HIV through the treatment of the blood
supply.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Mrs. Barbara Shea for her excellent
secretarial assistance and Dr. Gabor Kemeny for important technical
help. (STI)
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